نشریه یافته های نوین کشاورزی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، زمستان 1390)

In order to study the possibility of changing corn planting pattern by using narrower rows and eliminating some furrows، an experiment was conducted in the fields of Agriculture Training Center of Shahid Dehghanpur of Jiroft، Iran in 2001 on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The studied was composed of 18 treatments including inter-row spacing of 35 cm with the densities of 75000، 85000 and 95000 plants. ha-1 (T1، T2 and T3، respectively)، inter-row spacing of 35 cm with the elimination of four unplanted furrows with the densities of 75000، 85000 and 95000 plants. ha-1 (T4، T5 and T6، respectively)، inter-row spacing of 75 cm with the densities of 75000، 85000 and 95000 plants. ha-1 (T7، T8 and T9، respectively)، inter-row spacing of 75 cm with the elimination of one planting row with the density of 75000، the elimination of two unplanted rows with the density of 85000 and the elimination of two unplanted rows with the density of 95000 plants. ha-1 (T10، T11 and T12، respectively)، inter-row spacing of 55 cm with the densities of 75000، 85000 and 95000 plants. ha-1 (T13، T14 and T15، respectively) and inter-row spacing of 55 cm with three unplanted rows and the densities of 75000، 85000 and 95000 plants. ha-1 (T16، T17 and T18، respectively). Measured traits included grain yield، row number per ear، grain number per row، 1000-grain weight، grain ratio to total، plant height، biomass، mean ear weight and harvest index. Results showed that the effect of treatments was significant on grain yield، 1000-grain weight، plant height and biomass at 5% statistical level and on grain number per row، ear length and mean ear weight at 1% probability level. But، their effect was not significant on other traits. The highest grain yields were obtained from treatments T1، T12، T5، T7، T4 and T14 which resulted in the production of 17. 51، 16. 81، 15. 99، 15. 66، 15. 26 and 15. 25 t grains per hectare، respectively. Finally، treatments T12، T4 and T5 can be recommended for studied region given the results of all measurements and the decrease in applied water level (lower area of land was irrigated).

In order to study Effect of Pretreatment of Salicylic acid on Seed Germination of Wheat cultivars (BC ROSHAN & ALVAND) under Salt Stress، an experiment was conducted in the research laboratory of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz، Iran in 2011. The experimental design was factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The treatments including of Treatments of wheat seedling cultivars (BC ROSHAN & ALVAND)، salicylic acid (SA) (1mM without and with using) and Salt stress was inducted by NaCl solution (0، 3، 6، 9 and 12 dc/m) have been used. For this purpose after surface sterilization of seeds، they were soaked in SA solutions for 24 h and then dried by sterile paper then transferred in to sterile petri dishes and added 10 ml NaCl solution with different concentrations. In this experiment، in standard germination test traits of seed germination percentage، germination rate and mean of germination time and in seedling growth test traits of seedling length and dry weight of seedlings have been measured. The results showed salinity decreased seed germination of wheat cultivars in general concentration of NaCl (12 dc/m) decreased germination over 30% as compared with control. Too SA increased the seedling length and dry weight of seedlings.

In order study the best planting date in the yeield and yield components of four varieties of sun flower، in the roodobthat is one of the suburbs belonging to bam in a personal and private farm in the agricultural year 87- 88. The experiment was performed using split plot arranged complete randomized block design with two dactors of planting date including (T1 = 87/12/15) (T2 =87/12/28) (T3 =88/1/15) and uriaty (azargole، record، zarya and mehr). That was repeated for three times. The distance of rows was concider as 50 centimeters and the distance of bushes was 25 centimeters for all plot and ouso the density of bush in hektar was considered as the amount of 80000 in a fixed way. The measured traits contained of the yield of seed، the weight of thousand seed. The height of plant، the number of seed in plate، head diameter، the number of leaf in plant، the diameter and thicleness of main stem، the yield and function of seed in a single bush، and the yield of seed in the unit of surface. The result and effect of planting date on all the measured traits except the head diameter got significant so that the yield of seed in the first planting date. With the omount of 4444 kilogram/ hektar got the most yield and function of seed and the third planting date because of confronting with high temprature and as a result the hollownessof seed with the weight of 4132 kilogram/ hektar got the least yield of seed. The effect of variety on all trouts wich are being studied except the weight of thousand seed and the number of lead in plant in the level of possibility I persent got significant. The variety of the hybrid in azargol with the yield of seed in the amount of 4610 kilogram/hektar had the best yield and function. The reciprocal effects between planting date and variety with the exceotion of weight of thousand seed was a significant statistics on all traits in the level of possibility. So that the careness combination of the third planting date and the variety of azargol had the best seed yield. The seed yield and function showed a positive correlation with the height of plant، the number of seed per head، head diameter، the main stem thickness and diameter، yield and function in a single bush، yield and function in m2 and on the other hand it showed a negative correlation with the weight of thousand seed.

In order to study the effects on germination properties of forage sorghum (speedfeed) priming an experiment was performed in factorial shape and in the mould of totally accidental design in 3 replications in Qaemshahr azad university in 2010. The treatments had PEG of 5 and 10 percent density، KNO3 of 1 and 2 percent density، KCL of 2 and 4 percent density and in the period of 4، 8 and 16 hours. The results showed that the most caulicle length was gained under 16 hours treatment and priming of 4 percent density. But the most caulicle KCL and seedling length was gained under time treatments and KCL priming of 4 percent density during 16 hours. The most length ratio of ridicule and caulicle CRLS was also gained by PEG priming of 10 percent density during four hours. About the most wet weight ratio R/S، and the dry weight ratio R/S، they were seen by KNO3 and PEG of 1 and 5 percent density in the period of 4 and 16 hours. The most germination rate was also gained by PEG of 10 percent density and during 8 hours. The most and the least normal bud was gained by KNO3 and KCL priming of 1 and 4 percent density in common duration of 4 hours، respectively.

In order to effect nitroxin levels of nitrogen and manure application on nitrogen use efficiency and some quantitative traits in sweet corn varieties as Chase factorial experimental design based on randomized complete block with three replications in agricultural research farm in 2010، Islamic Azad University Arak was performed. Factors studied include two levels nitroxin inoculated and non inoculated with the seed، pure nitrogen at three levels 0، 50 and 100 kg ha-1 and manure at three levels 10، 20 and 30 tons ha-1 were. The results showed nitroxin on the characteristics of grain per ear، ear away from the field level، cob weight، grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency had the effect، so that the increase of grain per ear، cob weight، grain yield per hectare and nitrogen use efficiency was. Animal manure also on the characteristics of grain per ear، ear away from the field level، ear leaf area، grain hectolitre weight، grain yield per hectare and nitrogen use efficiency had the effect، so that reduces the nitrogen use efficiency and grain per ear was. Nitrogen effects on grain protein، cob weight، ear leaf area، grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly increased grain protein and grain yield per hectare was. Excess nitrogen and manure significantly reduced nitrogen use efficiency was also inoculated seed nitroxin positive effect on nitrogen use efficiency found.

In order to investigation intra specious variation to salinity tolerance in wheat gene expression patterns were compared in salt tolerant and sensitive wheat under control and stress conditions. Reverse northern blot technique was used to compare gene expression patterns. To simplify، sixteen gene expression patterns were considered in salt tolerant and sensitive genotype in control and stress conditions. The gene expression patterns of the studied genes were located in ten out of sixteen gene expression patterns. The most important expression patterns were number 2، 6، 8 and 12. More genes were placed in the expression pattern of the number 2 than to other expression patterns. The majority of the transcription factor expressions were located in the four above gene expression patterns. Seven genes up regulated in both sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the present of salt stress. In the current study، four genes were selected as long term salt tolerant candidate genes in Mahooti cultivar including LEA، CBEFP، bZIP5 and wsr3 genes from second، sixth، eighth and twelfth expression patterns، respectively. The results also indicated that a larger number of salt responsive transcripts were expressed in tolerant genotype. These results show that differences in the gene expression patterns in varieties within species may produce salt stress tolerant and sensitive genotypes.

Defense mechanism for review of rapeseed in different concentrations of lead versus lead (0، 100، 200 and 400 mol) of cellular factors such as protein and proline in roots and shoots of canola were measured. The project laboratory and in hydroponic culture method was performed using Hoagland. Root length by ruler and protein and proline content in root and shoot spectrophotometer apparatus (uv) Hitachi Model 200 was measured. The results of this study، lead concentrations in the nutrient solution decreased both root length of canola varieties and according to the mean value of root length lead in the cultivar R. G. S. 003 was higher tolerance to Hybrid Hyola 401. With increasing lead concentration in nutrient solution root protein and proline in two cultivars to control and the amount of protein increased with increasing lead concentration in nutrient solution decreased shoot in hybrid Hyola 401. but R. G. S. 003 increases. Samples analysis by software Spss and charting using 2003 Excel software was done.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of single and combined inoculations of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)، mycorrhiza fungi، humic acid and super absorbent polymer on growth and uptake of cadmium in annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata). The experiment was done at the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University – Karaj branch during 2009-2010 in factorial design as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The first factor was levels of Cadmium [0- 40 - 80 mg kg-1 soil cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and the second factor included treatments (inoculation of PGPR، mycorrhiza fungi، humic acid and superabsorbent polymer) separately and combined with 16 levels. Biofertilizers used in this experiment were bacterial species (Azotobacter chroococcum)، (Azospirillum lipoferum) and (Pseudomonas putida) in a mixture form and mycorrhiza fungi was (Glomus intraradices). Results showed that with increasing cadmium concentration in soil، the accumulation of cadmium in shoots and roots and available cadmium in soil increased. Interaction of factors indicated treatments b12، b13، b14 and b15 had the highest rate of Cd accumulation in shoots (62 percent higher than the control). treatments including combined use of PGPR، mycorrhiza fungi and superabsorbent polymer showed the highest cadmium uptake by the root (42. 3 percent higher than control). Combined use of biofertilizers، superabsorbent polymer and humic acid increased transfer factor (TF)، accumulation factor (AF) and enrichment coefficient (EC). Overall results indicated that application of PGPR، mycorrhiza fungi، Humic acid and superabsorbent polymer effect on Cd uptake in shoots and roots of annual medic. These materials can move toward success phytoremediation of contaminated area with heavy metals.